• From vehicle to battery function level requirements
• Needs of advanced BMS functionality in modern EVs
• What are major challenges compared to passenger cars?
• Multi-level functional requirements
• Multi-battery system and control architecture
• Large variability in applications and conditions
• Multi-level BMS testing and verification
• Major future opportunities and roadmap:
• Improved sensing
• Modular and flexible functional architecture
• Multi-battery control system
• Adaptive control algorithms
• 2nd-life applications